Positional Parameters $1 and ${10}

$0 is script name or the command execuated
$# is the number of arguments

#! knows the shell

() executed in sub shell

{} executed in current shell only

$@ but with "" = $* = all parameters in single string

$? exit status of last command

$$ PID of current shell

$! PID of last background job

Positional parameters in a shell script are nothing but the command line arguments passed to a shell script. The following are some of the positional parameters used:

$# -  Total number of arguments
$0 - Command or the script name
$1,$2, $3 - First, second and third args respectively.
$* - All the command line arguments starting from $1.

Let us see this with an example:

[root@gpr ~]# cat cmd
#!/usr/bin/ksh

echo "The total no of args are: $#"
echo "The script name is : $0"
echo "The first argument is : $1"
echo "The second argument is: $2"
echo "The total argument list is: $*"

Output:

[root@gpr ~]# ./cmd 1 2 3 4
The total no of args are: 4
The script name is : ./cmd
The first argument is : 1
The second argument is: 2
The total argument list is: 1 2 3 4
[root@gpr ~]#

As shown in the above output,  $# printed 4 which is the total number of arguments, $0 printed the script name.

Similarly, the command line arguments can be accessed using $1, $2 till $9. However, if the number of command line arguments is more than 9, the same notation cannot be used. Instead, it should be used like ${10}, ${11} and so on. Let us see this with an example:

[root@gpr ~]# cat cmd
#!/usr/bin/ksh

echo "The total no of args are: $#"
echo "The script name is : $0"
echo "The first argument is : $1"
echo "The second argument is: $2"
echo "The incorrect 10th arg is : $10"
echo "The correct 10th arg is : ${10}"
[root@gpr ~]#

Output:

[root@gpr ~]# ./cmd a b c d e f g h i j
The total no of args are: 10
The script name is : ./cmd
The first argument is : a
The second argument is: b
The incorrect 10th arg is : a0
The correct 10th arg is : j
[root@gpr ~]#

As shown above, the correct result appeared when we used ${10}. When $10 is used, the shell interprets it as $1 concatenated with 0, and hence you get the result as a0 ($1 is a). The same terminology will be used for all the arguments after the 9th.